During early 1947, aggressive investigators in the Justice Department and the media (especially columnist and broadcaster Drew Pearson) began intensely challenging Operation Paperclip. They demanded that the program's Nazi military scientists be returned to Occupied Germany.

The Joint Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (JIOS), the Pentagon administrators of Paperclip, decided to take their planned expansions underground. The "official termination" of Paperclip was announced in mid-1947, with vague promises to return the scientists to Germany.

However, they would face denazification trials in German courts, embarrassing to our military Occupation.

On September 20, 1947, General Lucius Clay (commander of U.S. Forces in Occupied Germany) sent a secret telegram to the War Department including this final comment: "It would be much better to permit them to remain in the U.S. as Nazis without bringing them to trial."

By then Paperclip had assigned hundreds of Nazi scientists and their families throughout the United States. Much of their work was top-secret and distributed among a variety of military and industrial research laboratories, who asked for more, so JIOS resumed covert immigration.

Corporations and universities were encouraged to help Paperclip by employing some of the immigrants. Eventually, Paperclip had sixty U.S. companies eagerly participating because all the Paperclippers came with expedited security clearances for any classified projects. Besides, they usually were paid significantly less than their American colleagues. In the long run, however, most got substantial pensions, and some became corporate executives.

The first hundred rocket scientists, recruited in Europe by Col. Holger Toftoy, were accompanied by ninety-plus giant V-2 rockets. They spent five years in Texas and New Mexico with the laboratories of the Army Ordnance R&D Service before moving to Alabama. America owed its missile defense systems to their skills.

Eighty-six Nazi aeronautical scientists and engineers were recruited in Germany by test pilot Col. Donald Putt in 1945-46 and brought to Wright (later Wright-Patterson) Army Air Base near Dayton, Ohio. Many tons of special gear, including experimental aircraft, supersonic wind tunnels, jet and rocket engines, etc. were brought to the U.S., plus Nazi pilots experienced in the new jet age. Putt estimated they were ten years ahead of us.

Dozens of Nazi scientists specializing in poison gases were recruited by Gen. Charles Loucks to work on chemical weapons in the highly secretive Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. They developed a new gas, sarin, which they tested on thousands of U.S. Army "volunteers," and ran controversial tests of a nerve agent called LSD. Sarin was used in Vietnam in cluster bombs.

Other military research facilities employing Nazi Paperclippers included the Signal Corps (24 scientists at Fort Monmouth, NJ, the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base in Texas (dozens of Nazi physicians, including some who were involved in deadly human experiments in Dachau), and ---via the U.S. Bureau of Mines -- the Fischer-Tripsch chemical plant in Missouri (seven synthetic fuel scientists).

The rocket scientists, headed by Wernher von Braun, were the chief poster boys among the Nazi scientists, even appearing in three Walt Disney science films promotin space travel. The other scientists, especially in the Air Force, Chemical Corps and Signal Corps facilities, were usually kept behind "Top Secret" signs. The American public had no idea of the scale of Paperclip.

The Russians, however, knew the score. They had an inside man. The top American officer in Operation Paperclip was a Russian mole.

Lt. Col. William Henry Whalen, the director of JIOS and the commander of Paperclip between July, 1959 and his retirement in February, 1961, stole and sold thousands of secret documents to Russian agents.

During his 19-month tenure, and for two more years after his retirement, Col. Whalen blithely roamed at will through the "secure" offices of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon, physically stealing secret manuals and reports dealing with atomic, missile and bomber secrets, among others. He met his Russian contact, Col. Sergei Edemski, every month in shopping center parking lots in Arlington, delivering so many secrets that he was unable to give a full accounting during his 1966 closed-doors trial for conspiracy.

Reportedly, Lt. Col. Whalen is the highest placed U.S. military officer ever convicted of espionage against his country.

But because the FBI screwed up in how they obtained his confessions, the Justice Department had to cut him a deal, or Col. Whalen would have gone free. Instead, he got fifteen years (reduced to six by a parole) in a Federal penitentiary, his wife continued to receive his retirement benefits, and he retained the right to be buried in Arlington Cemetary.

He did it for the money, about $14,000.

Meanwhile, don't waste your time looking for a Paperclip budget. Intelligence operations are notoriously lax about such mundane stuff. JIOS was disbanded in 1962. Any Paperclip documents that were not shredded vanished into the National Archives. Nobody in the Intelligence ranks wants to talk about Paperclip.