charryl wrote:
I wish it had included which and that. Always confusing to me.
Here's a passage by a writer from an online source on proper usage of those two words.(I taught college English for over 20 years and was always looking for ways to explain this to my students.)
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If the sentence doesnt need the clause that the word in question is connecting, use which. If it does, use that. (Pretty easy to remember, isnt it?) Let me explain with a couple of examples.
Our office, which has two lunchrooms, is located in Cincinnati.
Our office that has two lunchrooms is located in Cincinnati.
These sentences are not the same. The first sentence tells us that you have just one office, and its located in Cincinnati. The clause which has two lunchrooms gives us additional information, but it doesnt change the meaning of the sentence. Remove the clause and the location of our one office would still be clear: Our office is located in Cincinnati.
The second sentence suggests that we have multiple offices, but the office with two lunchrooms is located in Cincinnati. The phrase that has two lunchrooms is known as a restrictive clause because another part of the sentence (our office) depends on it. You cant remove that clause without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Lets look at another example:
The time machine, which looked like a telephone booth, concerned Bill and Ted.
The time machine that looked like a telephone booth concerned Bill and Ted.
In the first sentence (thanks to the use of which), the time machine concerned Bill and Ted. It also happened to look like a telephone booth. In the second sentence (which uses the restrictive clause), Bill and Ted are concerned with the time machine that looks like a telephone booth. They arent concerned with the one that looks like a garden shed or the one that looks like a DeLorean.
Now that youve learned the rule, lets put it to a test:
1. The iPad (which/that) connects to the iCloud was created by Apple.
2. The issue of Writers Digest (which/that) has Brian A. Klems picture on the cover is my favorite.
The correct answers are:
1. The iPad, which connects to the iCloud, was created by Apple. (All iPads connect to the iCloud, so its unnecessary information.)
2. The issue of Writers Digest that has Brian A. Klems picture on the cover is my favorite. (Your favorite issue of Writers Digest isnt just any issue, its the one with me on the cover.)