elliott937 wrote:
As a life long teacher, I enjoy listening to my students (college level), learning what they are doing. Remember the days when we heard "records are old fashion and will disappear"? Well, while I have replaced all my LPs with CDs, so many of my students are in love with LPs, and that number continues to grow, especially in Europe. Film? Kodak even announced the return of Ektachrome film. Our college continues to offer courses in film, to include darkroom development, and the enrollment continues. So, all my fellow UHH friends, if you wish to continue or return to the use of your film cameras, do so with conviction. Enjoy!!
As a life long teacher, I enjoy listening to my st... (
show quote)
Great point.
Pinhole photography has come back just like LPs have. It's a good example of how a
technology can go in and out of fashion in response to changes in photographic style,
cultural values, and what else is available.
Eric Renner's excellent book
Pinhole Photography describes the rise, fall,
and re-rise of the pinhole photograph.
The earliest cameras had lenses (Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, Henry Fox Talbot,
Louis Daguerre, etc.). The Daguerreotype process (offering unsurpassed resolution)
was in use worldwide by 1839. But the first attested pinhole phographs are from
the 1850s. Some of the earliest are by Sir David Brewster, who may have coined
the term "pin-hole photograph" in his book, ;b]Stereoscope[/b].
Sir Flinders Petrie, the famous Egyptologist, used a pinhole camera for his second
expedition to Egypt in 1881, and took photos of the pyramids at Giza. The fact that
a pinhole has no distortation (and no aberrations) made these photos uniquely useful
for measuring the shape of the pyramids.
When the pictorialism movement arose in the 1880s, pinhole surged in popularity,
because it gave a soft look. A major proponent of pictorialism and the pinhole
camera was British photographer, George Davidson. By the 1890s, pinhole cameras
were available commercially.
In 1892, renowned Swedish dramatist August Strindberg took up the pinhole camera.
Then in the 20th century, pinhole was viewwed as an inexpensive way for amateurs to
get into photography. Eastman Kodak even sold a pinhole camera kit in 1940s.
Then, in the 1950s, a profound cultrual change occured. People moved to the
suburbs. This was the era of the "space race" and technological one-uipmanship.
Owning the latest refrigerator and latest camera became a status symbol for Ozzies
and Harriets across the US. And mass-produced cameras became available at
affordable prices. The popularity of the pinhole camera crashed.
In the 1960s, a number of artists independently began to explore pinhole photography,
including: Paolo Gioli in Italy, Gottfired Jager in West Germany, and David Lebe,
Franco Salmoiraghi, Wiley Sanderson, and Eric Renner in the USA.
The 1970s saw an interest in alternate processes and non-traditional cameras. One
of the champions of photographic diversity was Nathan Lyons, curator of
comtemporary photography at George Eastman House. Even more artists
begin working with pinhole cameras, including Carlos Jurado from Mexico,
Nobuo Yamanaka from Japan, and Phil Simkin from Boston.
The decade saw the publication of a dozen book son pinhole photography. Academics
got involved: Prof. Peter Olpe at the Basel School of Design began making pinhole
cameras in his course on photography. Most importantly, experienced photographers
begin to take pinhole images (Ansel Adams included one in his famous book,
The Camera).
By the 1980s, so many photographers were usign pinhole cameras that it is impossible
to list them all. Suddenly, you could buy a commercial pinhole "lens"(more like a body cap)
for Nikon F-mount or Canon EF-mount. (Unfortunately, the smaller the format of a
pinhole camera, the fuzzier the image is. Pinhole favors large format cameras.)
Today there are numerous Internet forums and web sites devoted entirely to pinhole
photography. There are probably more pinhole photographs being made than ever.
But you'd never know it from the websites, adverstising and paid articles of the big
consumer camera companies. Laser-fabricated pin holes are available from optical
suppliers and speciality manufactures.
But not from Sony, Canon or Nikon. They could never charge as much for pinhole
body cap (and you could make your own!) as for an expensive lens. So for them, there
is only one way to go: an expensive (but miniature or sub-miniature format) camera
with an expensive lens (epitomized by the 24 or 33 element zoom lens).
No pinhole has any aberration or distoration, but every lens does. When you buy an
expensive lens, you are paying to mimize aberrations and distoration. With a pinhole
you get zero (but you get more diffraction).
So if you want zero geometrical distortion, a pinhole will do that everytime (provided
your film or sensor is flat). The downside is that pinholes are very slow and have a
lot of diffraction.
What is the right camera and lens to use depends on the effect the phogorapher is trying
to achive. There is one One True Technology that is Good For Everything. It depends.
While there may be "evolution" of technology, it is just as complex as biological evolution,
with as many "dead ends". The difference is that technologies can come back from extinction.
Technologiocal "progress" exists and is the same for all photographers only if we can all agree
on what the goal of photography is. Fat chance of that happening. To have "progress" you have
to have a destination...you're getting closer and closer to....something you want to get to. But
what is that? For the manufacturers, its higher earnings and bigger bonuses for executives--
is that your goal too?
The mime of linear technological progress--everything always getting better and better--
is false. But it serves the interests of technology companies. It's spread by advertising and
salesmen trying to get you to replace or "upgrade" everything you own.
"Still using the toliet the old-fashioned way? Don't be the last one on your block to buy the
new Krapomatic 3000 smart vacuum-evacuator!" Nevermind if it sucks your guts into the bowel--
that's supposed to be fixed in the next release.