The $140 Kenko Pro 300 DGX teleconverter is quite good with many lenses and able to autofocus most. (The Tamron SP 1.4X might be the same TC, relabeled... at a minimum, it's a very similar design. Some Sigma TCs are reportedly pretty good, too. I don't know the details.)
$500 for a Nikon TC-14E III is simply obscene. Do you think it's 3X as good? (Canon's OEM TCs are similarly pricey.)
How well any teleconverter works greatly depends upon what lens you use it with.... Teleconverters always work best with high quality, telephoto primes. Typically they don't work as well with zooms or shorter focal lengths.
See the Nikon teleconverter compatibility charts here:
https://www.nikonians.org/website/var/assets/files/nikonians-teleconverter-compatibility-chart.pdfAnd here:
http://www.nikonusa.com/en_INC/IMG/Assets/Common-Assets/Images/Teleconverter-Compatibility/EN_Comp_chart.htmlAn equivalent cropping of a D810's image would utilize the central, approx. 17x26mm of the sensor. Doing a crop like this, instead of 36MP you'll essentially be using the D810 as an 18.7MP camera... In other words, this crop "throws away" at least 48 or 49% of the image (assuming no additional cropping is done to change the aspect ratio or for any other reason).
In contrast, using a 1.4X teleconverter there will be some degradation of image quality... probably 5 to 10% loss of IQ with a weaker 1.4X TC, but exactly how much greatly depends upon the specific lens the teleconverter is paired up with.... but your images will be the full 36MP the camera is capable of capturing. (A stronger 1.7X or 2X "costs" a lot more loss of IQ.... And forget about 3X teleconverters!)
In small to modest size prints or online display, you probably won't be able to see much or any difference. In general you would get better results using a quality 1.4X teleconverter, than you would cropping the image. But there's variation in quality of TCs themselves and some lenses just don't work well with a teleconverter. So you need to carefully research any specific combination you're considering.
And a longer lens without any TC or cropping - equal in focal length to the TC + lens you're considering - will
always be better than either the lens/TC combo or the cropping.
Using a crop camera such as a 20MP D500 or a 24MP D7200 will
also always be better than either cropping the FF image an equivalent amount or using a TC. Think of the APS-C DX camera as a "free 1.5X teleconverter"... ("free" in the sense that there's no light loss.... and less IQ loss).