Watch
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0CLPTd6BdsB+W filters are good, but even they offer different quality filters at different price points. In the size you use, they offer:
- 67mm UV 010 "SC" which has a single coating for $19.99.
- 67m UV 010 "MRC" (might be labelled "F-Pro) which has 8-layer multi-coatings, for $29.95.
- 67mm UV 010 "XS-Pro which uses a slimmer frame, has 16-layer "Nano" multi-coatings, and costs $33.95.
- 67mm UV/IR Cut 486 "MRC", a specialty filter intended for reducing excessive IR light, along with UV, which can cause color shifts or tints and might occur during longer exposures (such as when using neutral density filters). 8-layer multi-coatings, $72.00.
- 67mm Strong UV Absorbing, a specialty filter for use when photographing fluorescing subjects that can cause CA and reduced sharpness in images. Uncoated. $110.
AFAIK, all B+W filters use high quality German Schott glass mounted in brass frames that are resistant to galling and getting stuck on lenses.
The first three listed above are intended for general photography. The single-coated filter probably needs to be used with caution in situations where there is glare may be an issue, might be best only used indoors under controlled lighting conditions. The 8-layer and 16-layer coated filters will be more resistant to flare. The 16-layer "Nano" coatings are also more resistant to oils, water, and scratches, and are more easily cleaned.
I have never heard of fake B+W filters being sold anywhere. News to me! OTOH, I have heard of counterfeit memory cards and batteries.... But with those, it's just a matter of gluing on a label.
I'd am not familiar with the 18-300mm Tamron lens, but one of the problems with extreme range lenses like that is that they are very difficult to shade effectively with a lens hood. Even in your second filter-less image, there's some flare and strong chromatic aberration at the right hand edge of the image, where the leaves are against the bright sky. Those are challenging for any lens, but can be made worse by a filter... even a good one. Also, some lenses just don't work well with filters. I don't know if that's the case with the Tamron... For example, another lens that I know "goes soft" whenever a filter is used on it is the Canon EF 100-400mm IS USM original "push/pull" zoom. Many users of that particular lens who had "protective" filters on theirs from new have been stunned to see how much sharper it is when used without a filter.
Personally I have UV filters (mostly B+W MRC, F-Pro or XS-Pro) for all my lenses that can be fitted with filters (I have two lenses that cannot). Those filters are stored separately and only installed on the lenses when there's an actual need for them (either to reduce haze in a scenic shot or to protect the lens from blowing sand, sea air, etc.) Those are some of my least used accessories. I probably use a Circular Polarizing filter 10X more often than a UV filter. Even so, the majority of the time my lenses are "filter-less". OTOH, I always use a lens hood, while shooting... and a lens cap when storing the lens.